早稲田大学では、現在全学でカーボンニュートラル社会を目指した研究教育体制の構築に取り組んでいます。その中で、一層進展する高度情報化社会のための低消費電力大容量ネットワーク技術と並んでAIなどの高度情報処理技術の高速化・低消費電力化が不可欠と考えており、シリコンフォトニクス集積回路（SiPIC: Si Photonic Integrated Circuits）を用いた光信号処理デバイス技術の検討と実証を目指しています。
2023年4月1日より本学に着任した理工学術院 先進理工学部 電気・情報生命工学科の水内良 専任講師らの論文が、2022年にNature Communications誌に掲載された生命・生物科学分野の論文のうち、もっともダウンロードされた25報である「Top 25 Life and Biological Sciences Articles of 2022」に選ばれました。生命・生物科学分野（Life and Biological Sciences）は、Nature Communications誌が設定した7つの分野：Health Sciences、SARS-CoV-2、Life and Biological Sciences、Social Sciences and Human Behaviour、Chemistry and Materials Sciences、Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences、Physicsのうちのひとつになります。
Novel, Highly Sensitive Biosensor Set to Transform Wearable Health Monitoring
Researchers from Japan have developed a new wearable biosensor that can detect extremely small changes in tear glucose and blood lactate levels
Wearable wireless biosensors are an integral part of digital healthcare and monitoring. Commonly used chipless resonant antenna-based biosensors are simple and affordable, but have limited applicability due to their low sensitivity. Now, researchers from Japan have developed a novel, wireless, parity–time symmetry-based bioresonator that can detect minute concentrations of tear glucose and blood lactate. This highly sensitive, tunable, and robust bioresonator has the potential to revolutionize personalized health monitoring and digitized healthcare systems.
Researchers have developed a novel, wireless, PT-symmetric wearable resonator that can detect tear glucose and blood lactate levels in the micromolar range. The resonator is composed of an inductance–capacitance–resistance (LCR) reader and an LCR sensor with an enzyme-based chemiresistor. The setup has a high quality (Q) factor, making it highly sensitive.
Wireless wearable biosensors have been a game changer in personalized health monitoring and healthcare digitization because they can efficiently detect, record, and monitor medically significant biological signals. Chipless resonant antennae are highly promising components of wearable biosensors, as they are affordable and tractable. However, their practical applications are limited by low sensitivity (inability to detect small biological signals) caused by low quality (Q) factor of the system.
To overcome this hurdle, researchers led by Professor Takeo Miyake from Waseda University, Professor Yin Sijie from Beijing Institute of Technology, and Taiki Takamatsu from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, have developed a wireless bioresonator using “parity–time (PT) symmetry” that can detect minute biological signals. Their work has been published in Advanced Materials Technologies.
In this study, the researchers designed a bioresonator consisting of a magnetically coupled reader and sensor with high Q factor, and thus, increased sensitivity to biochemical changes. The reader and sensor both comprise an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) that are parallel-connected to a resistor (R). In the sensor, the resistor is a chemical sensor called a “chemiresistor” that converts biochemical signals into changes in resistance. The chemiresistor contains an enzymatic electrode with an immobilized enzyme. Minute biochemical changes at the enzymatic electrode (in response to changes in the levels of biomolecules such as blood sugar or lactate) are thus converted into electrical signals by the sensor, and then amplified at the reader.
Explaining the technical concept behind their novel biosensor, Miyake says, “We modeled the characteristics of the PT-symmetric wireless sensing system by using an eigenvalue solution and input impedance, and experimentally demonstrated the sensitivity enhancement at/near the exceptional point by using parallel inductance–capacitance–resistance (LCR) resonators.The developed amplitude modulation-based PT-symmetric bioresonator can detect small biological signals that have been difficult to measure wirelessly until now. Moreover, our PT-symmetric system provides two types of readout modes: threshold-based switching and enhanced linear detection. Different readout modes can be used for different sensing ranges.”
The researchers tested the system (here containing a glucose-specific enzyme) on human tear fluids and found that it could detect glucose concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 mM. They also tested it with a lactate-specific enzyme and commercially available human skin and found that it could measure lactate levels in the range of 0.0 to 4.0 mM through human skin tissue, without any loss of sensitivity. This result further indicates that the biosensor can be used as an implantable device. Compared to a conventional chipless resonant antenna-based system, the PT-symmetric system achieved a 2000-fold higher sensitivity in linear and a 78% relative change in threshold-based detection respectively.
Sharing his vision for the future, Miyake concludes, “The present telemetry system is robust and tunable. It can enhance the sensitivity of sensors to small biological signals. We envision that this technology can be used for developing smart contact lenses to detect tear glucose and/or implantable medical devices to detect lactate for efficient monitoring of diabetes and blood poisoning.”
This novel PT-symmetric wireless wearable bioresonator may soon usher in a new era of personalized health monitoring and efficient digitized healthcare systems!
Natsuho Akagi, Keisuke Hori, Hisashi Sugime, Suguru Noda, Nobuko Hanada, “Systematic investigation of anode catalysts for liquid ammonia electrolysis”, Journal of Catalysis, 406 (2022) 222-230.
Kosuke Kajiwara, Hisashi Sugime, Suguru Noda, Nobuko Hanada, “Fast and stable hydrogen storage in the porous composite of MgH2with Nb2O5 catalyst and carbon nanotube”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 893 (2022) 162206.
Keisuke Yoshida, Kosuke Kajiwara, Hisashi Sugime, Suguru Noda, Nobuko Hanada, “Numerical simulation of heat supply and hydrogen desorption by hydrogen flow to porous MgH2sheet”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 421 (2021) 129648.
Nobuko Hanada, Yusuke Kohase, Keisuke Hori, Hisashi Sugime, Suguru Noda , “Electrolysis of ammonia in aqueous solution by platinum nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotube film electrode”, Electrochimica Acta, 341 (2020) 135027.
さらに、結晶の形状を変えると200–700 Hzの様々な共振固有振動が観察され、長く薄い結晶では「大きい屈曲」が、短く厚い結晶では「素早い屈曲」が創出できることがわかりました（図2a）。この共振固有振動について屈曲速度とエネルギー変換効率（光→屈曲運動）を、光異性化、光熱効果、非共振固有振動による屈曲と比較した結果、最も速い屈曲速度（0.2–0.7 m s-1）かつ最も高いエネルギー変換効率（~0.1 %）が得られることがわかりました（図2b）。
Researchers develop a four-wheeled, two orthogonal axes mechanism robot to maintain plants grown under solar panels
Synecoculture, a new farming method, involves growing mixed plant species together in high density. However, it requires complex operation since varying species with different growing seasons and growing speeds are planted on the same land. To address this need, researchers have developed a robot that can sow, prune, and harvest plants in dense vegetation grown. Its small, flexible body will help large-scale Synecoculture. This is an important step towards achieving sustainable farming and carbon neutrality.
Researchers have developed a small and flexible agricultural robot for Synecoculture farming. It has a four-wheel mechanism, two axes stand, robotic arm, camera unit, maneuvering system, and farming tools.
Synecoculture is a new agricultural method advocated by Dr. Masatoshi Funabashi, senior researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. (Sony CSL), in which various kinds of plants are mixed and grown in high density, establishing rich biodiversity while benefiting from the self-organizing ability of the ecosystem. However, such dense vegetation requires frequent upkeep—seeds need to be sown, weeds need to be pruned, and crops need to be harvested. Synecoculture thus requires a high level of ecological literacy and complex decision-making. And while the operational issues present with Synecoculture can be addressed by using an agricultural robot, most existing robots can only automate one of the above three tasks in a simple farmland environment, thus falling short of the literacy and decision-making skills required of them to perform Synecoculture. Moreover, the robots may make unnecessary contact with the plants and damage them, affecting their growth and the harvest.
With the rising awareness of environmental issues, such a gap between the performance of humans versus that of conventional robots has spurred innovation to improve the latter.
A group of researchers led by Takuya Otani, an Assistant Professor at Waseda University, in collaboration with Sustainergy Company and Sony CSL, have designed a new robot that can perform Synecoculture effectively. The robot is called SynRobo, with “syn” conveying the meaning of “together with” humans. It manages a variety of mixed plants grown in the shade of solar panels, an otherwise unutilized space. An article describing their research was published in Volume 13, Issue 1 of Agriculture, on 21 December 2022. This article has been co-authored by Professor Atsuo Takanishi, also from Waseda University, other researchers of Sony CSL, and students from Waseda University.
Otani briefly explains the novel robot’s design. “It has a four-wheel mechanism that enables movement on uneven land and a robotic arm that expands and contracts to help overcome obstacles. The robot can move on slopes and avoid small steps. The system also utilizes a 360o camera to recognize and maneuver its surroundings. In addition, it is loaded with various farming tools—anchors (for punching holes), pruning scissors, and harvesting setups. The robot adjusts its position using the robotic arm and an orthogonal axes table that can move horizontally.”
Besides these inherent features, the researchers also invented techniques for efficient seeding. They coated seeds from different plants with soil to make equally-sized balls. These made their shape and size consistent, so that the robot could easily sow seeds from multiple plants. Furthermore, an easy-to-use, human-controlled maneuvering system was developed to facilitate the robot’s functionality. The system helps it operate tools, implement automatic sowing, and switch tasks.
The new robot could successfully sow, prune, and harvest in dense vegetation, making minimal contact with the environment during the tasks because of its small and flexible body. In addition, the new maneuvering system enabled the robot to avoid obstacles 50% better while reducing its operating time by 49%, compared to a simple controller.
“This research has developed an agricultural robot that works in environments where multiple species of plants grow in dense mixtures,” Otani tells us. “It can be widely used in general agriculture as well as Synecoculture—only the tools need to be changed when working with different plants. This robot will contribute to improving the yield per unit area and increase farming efficiency. Moreover, its agricultural operation data will help automate the maneuvering system. As a result, robots could assist agriculture in a plethora of environments. In fact, Sustainergy Company is currently preparing to commercialize this innovation in abandoned fields in Japan and desertified areas in Kenya, among other places.”
Such advancements will promote Synecoculture farming, with the combination of renewable energy, and help solve various pressing problems, including climate change and the energy crisis. The present research is a crucial step toward achieving sustainable agriculture and carbon neutrality. Here’s hoping for a smart and skillful robot that efficiently supports large-scale Synecoculture!
This robot successfully sows, prunes, and harvests complex vegetation grown in the shade of solar panels. Its maneuvering system reduces operation time by 49%.
Reference
Authors:Takuya Otani1, Akira Itoh2, Hideki Mizukami2, Masatsugu Murakami2, Shunya Yoshida2, Kota Terae2, Taiga Tanaka2, Koki Masaya2, Shuntaro Aotake2,3, Masatoshi Funabashi3, and Atsuo Takanishi2
About Professor Takuya Otani from Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering
Takuya Otani is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering. He received his Ph.D. degree from Waseda University in 2016. He is a member of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan, Japanese Council of IFToMM, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Robotics Society of Japan, and IEEE. He received the Waseda e-Teaching Good Practice Award in 2021. His research interests include robotics and intelligent system, intelligent robotics, haptics, humanoid robotics, and mechanics and mechatronics. His recent work involves developing efficient robots for Synecoculture agriculture.
About Waseda University
Located in the heart of Tokyo, Waseda University is a leading private research university that has long been dedicated to academic excellence, innovative research, and civic engagement at both the local and global levels since 1882. The University has produced many changemakers in its history, including nine prime ministers and many leaders in business, science and technology, literature, sports, and film. Waseda has strong collaborations with overseas research institutions and is committed to advancing cutting-edge research and developing leaders who can contribute to the resolution of complex, global social issues. The University has set a target of achieving a zero-carbon campus by 2032, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015.
Synecoculture is a method of farming that produces useful plants while making multifaceted use of the self-organizing ability of the earth’s ecosystem. Advocated by Dr. Masatoshi Funabashi of Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., it is characterized by a comprehensive ecosystem utilization method that considers not only food production but also the impacts on the environment and health.
*”Synecoculture” is a registered trademark or a trademark of Sony Group Corporation.
About Sustainergy Company
Sustainergy Company, a Tokyo-based renewable-energy startup, its management philosophy is “making the world sustainable through energy”, has been developing and operating solar power generation projects in Japan, including large-scale farm-based solar power generation (Agrivoltaics). The company noticed that the space under the solar panels of many solar power plants is underutilized and thought that if Sony CSL’s Synecoculture farming method could be applied to the semi-shaded area under the solar panels, the degraded soil could be restored, and the land could be turned into greenery and farmland, thereby enabling both food production and renewable energy production on the same land. Sustainergy Company is preparing to commercialize this project in abandoned farmlands in Japan, desertified areas in Kenya, and other countries. To learn more about Sustainergy Company, visit https://sustainergy.co.jp/.
a. 推薦依頼のあった高等専門学校の学科・コースに在籍し、2024年3月に高等専門学校(本科)を卒業見込の者。
b. 推薦を依頼する早大理工の学部・学科への入学を第一志望とする者。
c. 入学後の勉学に関して明確な志向と意欲を持ち、それにふさわしい能力を備えた者。
d. 出願開始日から起算して、過去2年以内に受験したTOEFL-iBT（TOEFL-ITPは不可）、
IELTS（Academic Module）、TOEIC（IP、Speaking & Writingは不可）の内いずれかのスコアを出願期間内に提出可能な者。
e. 学業成績において、次の基準を満たす者。
① 4年次の学年の学科現員に対する学業成績の席次が、上位10％以内の者
② 席次を定めない高等専門学校では、在籍学校長が①と同等と認めて推薦する者
Researchers successfully record the phase distribution of electrons, unveiling the detailed structure of its complex wavefunction
The structure, dynamics, and functions of materials are predominantly determined by their constituent electrons. Owing to their quantum nature, electrons have “wave”-like characteristics. However, measuring the phase of an electron and its complex electron wavefunction is challenging. Using state-of-the-art attosecond technology, researchers at Waseda University and National Research Council of Canada have now successfully recorded the phase distribution of electrons ejected from a neon atom, allowing a complete, detailed visualization of the complex electron wavefunction.
The early 20th century saw the advent of quantum mechanics to describe the properties of small particles, such as electrons or atoms. Schrödinger’s equation in quantum mechanics can successfully predict the electronic structure of atoms or molecules. However, the “duality” of matter, referring to the dual “particle” and “wave” nature of electrons, remained a controversial issue. Physicists use a complex wavefunction to represent the wave nature of an electron. “Complex” numbers are those that have both “real” and “imaginary” parts—the ratio of which is referred to as the “phase”. However, all directly measurable quantities must be “real”. This leads to the following challenge: when the electron hits a detector, the “complex” phase information of the wavefunction disappears, leaving only the square of the amplitude of the wavefunction (a “real” value) to be recorded. This means that electrons are detected only as particles, which makes it difficult to explain their dual properties in atoms.
The ensuing century witnessed a new, evolving era of physics, namely, attosecond physics. The attosecond is a very short time scale, a billionth of a billionth of a second. “Attosecond physics opens a way to measure the phase of electrons. Achieving attosecond time-resolution, electron dynamics can be observed while freezing molecular motion,” explains Professor Hiromichi Niikura from the Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, Japan, who, along with Professor D. M. Villeneuve—a principal research scientist at the Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council, and adjunct professor at University of Ottawa—pioneered the field of attosecond physics. Niikura and Villeneuve had previously developed a breakthrough method, attosecond re-collision, and also demonstrated the imaging of a molecular orbital or electron wavefunction in a molecule.
In a recent study published in Volume 106 Issue 6 (2022; page 063513) of Physical Review A on 23 December, 2022, these researchers employed another approach involving attosecond physics, using an attosecond laser pulse, or high-harmonic generation, to visualize a complex wavefunction. The attosecond laser pulse consists of coherent light with a wavelength much shorter than ultra-violet, referred to as extreme ultra-violet (EUV) light. When this pulse irradiates a gas, an electron is ejected. This process is referred to as photoionization. The attosecond pulse consists of a set of “harmonics” or different colors of light. By controlling the generation of the attosecond pulse, the researchers isolated two photoionization pathways—one consisting of a particular harmonic, and the other consisting of another harmonic along with an infrared pulse—to ionize neon. The electron wavefunctions produced by both pathways can interfere with each other. The interference pattern varies with the attosecond delay between the harmonics and the IR pulses. The team determined the phase and amplitude distributions of the photoelectron from the interference pattern and visualized its complex wavefunction. As the energy resolution is smaller than the bandwidth of the attosecond pulses, the researchers were successful in visualizing the detailed wavefunction structure. Furthermore, the researchers developed a method of disentangling the measured wavefunction into wavefunctions that are produced by individual ionization pathways.
Now that the researchers have successfully visualized the complex wavefunction of an electron—something that cannot be seen through conventional photoelectron spectroscopy—there’s so much more they can achieve! Niikura says, “Nowadays, photoelectron spectroscopy using EUV and X-ray has become a basic tool for investigating structures and dynamics of materials. The present method will provide a way to elucidate the quantum properties of electrons.” Visualizing the complete, detailed, complex electron wavefunction will be of significant impact in the fields of nanotechnology, chemistry, and molecular biology.
Image title: Visualizing complex photoelectron wavefunctions using attosecond imaging technology
Image caption: Researchers measure the phase and amplitude of the complex electron wavefunctions (a,b), represented by color (or hue) for phase and brightness (or value) for amplitude (plotted in logarithmic scale), in the hue-saturation-value (HSV) color map, as shown in (c).
Image credits: Hiromichi Niikura from Waseda University
License type: Original content
Hiromichi Niikura is a Professor at the Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University. He obtained his bachelors from Kyoto Institute of Technology, masters from Graduate School of Kyoto Institute of Technology, and Ph.D. from Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Institute for Molecular Science, Japan. His research focuses on atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics. He has worked at National Research Council of Canada (2000-2009), where he conducted a pioneering work in attosecond physics, a new emerging field. Niikura was awarded the prestigious Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) award in 2012. Professor Niikura can be contacted at [email protected].
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末益 博志
浜 孝之
竹澤 晃弘
松田 哲也
2023年現在、地球温暖化の原因と考えられている温室効果ガス削減に向け、「カーボンニュートラル」が世界的潮流となっています。カーボンニュートラル実現に向けた方策のひとつに挙げられるのが、水素の利用です。再生可能エネルギーを利用して水素を製造し、燃料電池等を用いて電気や熱エネルギーを取り出す。その反応過程において、二酸化炭素は発生しません。第19回（令和四年度）日本学術振興会賞を受賞した先進理工学部の花田信子 専任講師は、水素を利用しやすくするための水素吸蔵・放出材料やその工業化プロセスを研究しています。研究テーマを選んだきっかけや、取り組みについて伺いました。（取材日：2023年2月9日）
花田 信子（はなだ のぶこ）
